The backcasting approach is gaining prominence in the field of transport planning as a way of exploring scenarios to achieve desirable visions. Embracing a collaborative approach, participatory backcasting includes a broad variety of actors to explore ways of achieving goals in situations of high uncertainty. This approach is suitable to address the complex challenges of transport planning in cities in the Global South where disorganized growth and periods of socio-political instability have led to conflicting city structures and severe mobility issues. This dissertation presents an innovative bottom-up, participation-oriented, backcasting approach for sustainable transport policy in Lima and Callao, in Peru. For this purpose, a methodology was developed from other existing participatory backcasting approaches. It conducted a series of semi-structured interviews with a wide range of stakeholders in the transport sector and consisted of five distinctive phases: (i) context setting; (ii) visioning; (iii) Policies and initial packaging; (iv) policy packaging and pathways; and (v) validation. The results outline the drivers and trends affecting transport in Lima and Callao and illustrates a desirable vision common to all participants. It also does a process of policy packaging and explores two scenarios based in institutions as a source of uncertainty. This document discusses the related literature, describes the methodology, outlines the results of the process, and then it reflects in its usefulness.

With the exploration of the value and sustainability of developing Urban Agroecology for application to urban development processes, the central question that will be extended and studied in this dissertation is, therefore, how can Urban Agroecology offer new possibilities for sustainable urban development? This can be deeply meaningful for agricultural civilisation contexted cities' problems solving and future development. Shanghai and Lima are case cities analysed, have been through and are now experiencing some exciting urban eco-building projects. They are urbanising at a fast pace with the global trend; both face complex urban development challenges while still needing further to consider potential and possibilities for further sustainable development and find the right questions during the application of Urban Agroecology. Urban space will be given a new functional definition in the future. The theoretical areas on which this dissertation will focus are the value of developing Urban Agroecology and approaching it sustainably.